The researcher obtained total cure in 33% of patients using radical mastectomy and en bloc resection of breast tissue and axillary lymph nodes. Halsted highlighted the importance of the lymphatic system in the management of breast cancer. The route of lymphatic dissemination was initially demonstrated in animal models using a variety of injected tracers. The first studies on the role of the lymphatic system in the spread of cancer cells and metastasis were performed in the 1950s. Virchow postulated that lymph nodes function as filters. The functions and diseases associated with the lymphatic system have been extensively studied since the seventeenth century. Most cancers in humans are epithelial in nature and such neoplasms metastasize via lymphatics therefore, the lymphatic system plays a pivotal role in a significant number of malignancies. Since then, the procedure has been used for other malignancies, including breast, vulvar, and cervical cancer. In 1992, Morton was the first to identify the presence of regional lymph nodes and to map SLNs using isosulfan blue in patients with melanoma. Identification and biopsy of the SLN can correctly indicate the status of the draining lymph node basin. Labeled lymph nodes are surgically excised and histologically examined for the presence of disease. Clinical identification of these nodes is performed via injection of numerous types of tracers, dyes, and radioisotopes into the peritumoral site depending on the type and location of the tumor. SLN biopsy is based on an ordered dissemination of tumor cells from peritumoral lymphatics to the SLN, and then to more distant lymph nodes. Currently, SLN biopsy is a routine procedure for these pathologies plus cervical and vulvar cancer as well. The first SLN studies included melanoma and breast cancer patients. SLN is the first lymph node to which a tumor initially drains. The present literature review aimed to provide an overview of the basic concepts and clinical aspects of SLN biopsy, including the brief history and relevant anatomical, pathophysiological, and clinical aspects in the light of the most current scientific data. In some instances, even in pediatric patients, SLN biopsy can be a useful tool for minimizing the risks and morbidity associated with surgery. After many years of research on various types of malignancies SLN biopsy has become the standard of care in the treatment of melanoma, breast, vulvar, and cervical cancer, sparing many patients from the morbidity associated with ultraradical surgery. The SLN concept was initially proposed in 1960 and is currently considered among the most important advances in cancer therapy. When SLN is tumor-free, systematic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (LND) can be omitted leading to a significant reduction in surgery-related morbidity. In other words, SLN biopsy could be considered a triage procedure. Detection and pathologic examination of the SLN can potentially alter the extent and radicality of oncologic surgery. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the first lymph node to receive drainage directly from a tumor. This literature review aimed to present an overview of the basic concepts and clinical aspects of SLN biopsy in the light of the current research. Along with the introduction of new technologies, such as the fluorescent dyes indocyanine green (ICG) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIR), and pathologic ultrastaging, SLN detection rate has increased and false-negative rate has decreased. After many years of observation and research on its use in various malignancies SLN biopsy has become the standard surgical treatment in patients with malignant melanoma, breast, vulvar, and cervical cancers. SLN biopsy was first reported in 1960 but took approximately 40 years to come into general practice following reports of good outcomes in patients with melanoma. Detection and pathological examination of the SLN is an important oncological procedure that minimizes morbidity related to extensive nodal dissection. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the first node to receive the drainage directly from a tumor.
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